Understanding Dreams and REM Sleep

Understanding Dreams and REM Sleep Sleep and Dreaming Print Understanding Dreams and REM Sleep By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Updated on February 05, 2020 Tara Moore/Stone/Getty Images More in Psychology Sleep and Dreaming Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Dreams happen during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. In a typical night, you dream for a total of two hours, broken up by the sleep cycle.?? Researchers do not know much about how we dream or why. They do know that newborns dream and that depriving rats of REM sleep greatly shortens their lives. Other mammals and birds also have REM sleep stages, but cold-blooded animals such as turtles, lizards, and fish do not. Dreams can take place during any of the stages of sleep, but those that occur during REM sleep tend to be the most frequent and vivid.?? The REM Sleep Stage and Dreaming What is REM sleep? This period of the sleep cycle usually takes place about 90 minutes after a person first falls asleep. It is marked by a number of physiological changes that include muscle relaxation, eye movement, faster respiration, and increased brain activity.?? REM sleep usually begins after a period of deep sleep known as stage 3 sleep. An area of the brain called the ponsâ€"where REM sleep signals originateâ€"shuts off signals to the spinal cord. That causes the body to be immobile during REM sleep.?? When the pons doesnt shut down the spinal cords signals, people will act out their dreams. This can be dangerous because acting out dreams without input from the senses can lead a person to run into walls, fall down stairs or worse. This condition is rare and different from more common sleepwalking and known as REM sleep behavior disorder.?? The pons also sends signals to cerebral cortex by way of the thalamus (which is a filter and relay for sensory information and motor control functions deep in the brain). The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain involved with processing information (learning, thinking, and organizing). The areas of the brain “turned on” during REM sleep seem to help learning and memory. Infants spend almost 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep (compared to 20% for adults), which may be explained by the tremendous amount of learning in infancy.?? If people are taught various skills and then deprived of REM sleep, they often cannot remember what they were taught. The Meaning of Dreams Dreams may be one way that the brain consolidates memories. The dream time could be a period when the brain can reorganize and review the day’s events and connect new experiences to older ones. Because the body is shut down, the brain can do this without additional input coming in or risking the body “acting out” the day’s memories. Some researchers believe that dreams are more like a background “noise” that is interpreted and organized. This activation-synthesis theory states that dreams are merely the brain’s attempt to make sense of random signals occurring during sleep.?? Some people have more control over their dreams than others. For these people, the last thoughts before going to bed may influence the content of a dream. 1:40 9 Common Dreams and Their Interpretations You can develop your ability to remember your dreams by keeping a journal near your bed and writing down everything you can about your dreams when you first wake up. After a few weeks, your ability to remember your dreams will improve. Some people claim that they have lucid dreams, which are dreams in which they can participate and change the dream as it develops. Lucid dreaming can be triggered through a number of techniques, though little research and lots of speculation have been done on it.??

Be Active and Achieve A Research Essay on Physical...

With childhood obesity becoming an epidemic in America, we need methods to help stop obesity in children such as physical activities. Physical activities are not only to help prevent obesity; it can also help students improve on their academics. â€Å"Physical education helps the brain function; exercise increases the blood flow within the body and increases the blood volume in regions of the brain associated with memory formation† (Kovar, Susan K at el. Elementary Classroom Teachers as Movement Educators. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print.). Children spend many hours of their week inside a classroom, there are activities and lessons teachers can do to help their students become more active. â€Å"Physical education and movement are important†¦show more content†¦Young children learn by actively engaging with â€Å"stuff† in their world. Physical education can provide formation of mental schemes such as mental patterns or systems that describe the ways people think about the world; building blocks of thinking. The building blocks of thinking are an example of cognitive benefits. Cognitive benefits are what a student will know intellectually. Several locomotor skills are learning to run, walk, gallop, and jump. Some non-locomotor skills are bending, stretching, twisting, and turning. Manipulative skills are when children learn to use both of their hands, fingers, and large muscles of the body. Children need to learn theses skills to become more active to run, gallop, bend and turn. â€Å"Children who are more active may have greater social success and positive relations with peers. Children need many opportunities to experience personal feelings of success and achievement in physical activity settings† (Physical Education Is Critical to a Complete Education. Education.com. National Association for Sport and Physical Education). In the early years such as elementary school, children derive from pleasure from their movement abilities and a joy of competence they achieve from their movement ability. Research shows that with the level of participation and activities mastered will most likely be the children who will still be active as adults. The earlierShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding 21st Century Skills† in English Language Classrooms3761 Words   |  16 PagesSkills† in English Language Classrooms In an increasingly complex, demanding and competitive world, students need to go beyond the traditional 3Rs and embrace the 4Cs – communication, collaboration, critical thinking and creativity. This is the view of the 21st century Skills movement which is helping to redefine the goals of general education for today’s world. â€Å"21st Century Skills† is commonly refers to a growing global movement for redefining the goals of education, to transform every day teachingRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 PagesSeminar/Workshop Content Outline: PART I – Explanation 1. What is the theory of multiple intelligences (M.I.)? 2. How does this theory differ from the traditional definition of intelligence? 3. What do multiple intelligences have to do with my classroom? 4. How has M.I. theory developed since it was introduced in 1983? 5. Who are the critics of this theory and what do they say? 6. What are some benefits of using the multiple intelligences approach in my school? 7. How can applyingRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pages02-EdPsy-Chap02-6123 8/22/06 2 3:33 PM Page 32 Physical and Cognitive Development Preview Examining the shape of children’s development allows us to understand it better. Every childhood is distinct, and is the first chapter in a new biography. This chapter is about children’s physical and cognitive development. These are some of the questions we will explore: †¢ Do children develop in distinct stages, or is their development smoother and more continuous? †¢ How do children develop physicallyRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesOhio Wesleyan Writing Center Founded University Promoting1955 as a hallmark of liberal arts education writing Writing Guidelines Statements of Purpose From the OWU Writing Center in the Sagan Academic Resource Center The OWU Writing Center Corns 316 ââ€" ª (740-368-3925) ââ€" ª http://writing.owu.edu ââ€" ª open Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Writing Guidelines for Statements of Purpose Contents Writing Your Statement of Purpose ..........Read MoreDifferent Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students of Sbc10095 Words   |  41 Pageswhich individuals learn has as much as to do with whether the learning experience is geared to their style of learning. Some of the individuals learn and develop easily in the early stage, while others are not. For some time now educational research exploring the issue of academic achievement or success has extended beyond simple issues of intelligence and prior academic achievement. One concept in particular which has provided some valuable insights into learning both academic and other settingsRead MoreDifferent Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students of Sbc10087 Words   |  41 Pageswhich individuals learn has as much as to do with whether the learning experience is geared to their style of learning. Some of the individuals learn and develop easily in the early stage, while others are not. For some time now educational research exploring the issue of academic achievement or success has extended beyond simple issues of intelligence and prior academic achievement. One concept in particular which has provided some valuable insights into learning both academic and other settingsRead MoreCase Study for Autism13506 Words   |  55 PagesStrategies for a Student with Asperger’s in the General Educational Classroom Elizabeth Addington Durgin George Mason University Abstract At a training session in Loudoun County Public Schools (LCPS) on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), statistics were shared of the number of students in the school system with an ASD diagnosis. It has become the third most common childhood illness. In the LCPS 10.6% of Individualized Education Programs (IEP) are dedicated to students with Autism (Buswell, 2009)Read MoreFactors Affecting Literature Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Uganda19646 Words   |  79 PagesAn Assessment of the Factors Affecting the Quality of Literature in English Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Uganda: A case study of Entebbe Municipality, Wakiso District A Research Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfilment for the Award of the Bachelors Degree in Education of Uganda Martyrs University-Nkozi July 2012 DECLARATION I, HENRY NSUBUGA, do declare that this is my original work, save for the various works I consulted, whose authors I have fullyRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 PagesALL ABOUT PEACE EDUCATION *Dr. Ajay Kumar Attri, Lecturer; Department of Education, MLSM College ; Sundernagar; Mandi (H.P) âž ¢ INTRODUCTION: Education shall be directed toward the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.Read MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesBy the same author SIXTY STEPS TO PRECIS POETRY AND PROSE APPRECIATION ESSAY AND LEITER ·WRITING A FIRST BOOK IN COMPREHENSION PRECIS AND COMPOSITION ras CARTERS OF GREENWOOD (Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMIND

Marketing Strategies - 871 Words

Marketing Strategies Marketing strategy is the plan of an organization to market its product. A good marketing strategy enables the organization to get the best marketing results and help it sustain its marketing advantage by using limited amount of resource. This report is the comparison of marketing strategies of three different companies. Lansing Aviation Lansing Aviation is a private company which provides aircrafts on rental to individuals and to flight training. It provides aviation consultancy at corporate and individual levels as well as offer primary and advance aviation training (Aircraft Rental Instruction Business Plan). The Market The market potential for Lansing Aviation is enormous. There is a shortage of trained†¦show more content†¦Marketing Strategy The company starts its business with a very limited number of highly motivated and dedicated employees which reduced their cost of doing business. The company has a strong culture of its own which is also transferred to all the trainees and temporary employees. The company provides complete customization of the products for the 100 percent satisfaction of the customer. The company believes that a satisfied customer is a returning customer that is why it relies to provide the product which is best suited to the customer’s need. In the first year of business, company is planning to establish strong relationship with suppliers and customers. This relationship will not only help the company to grow their business but also the satisfied customers will work for its advertising through word of mouth. Company is also planning to attend silk trade shows to attract representatives and distributors for the distribution of their product. Apart from that, Fantastic Florals also send some samples to Blossom catalog which will order their product through mail orders (Artificial Flowers Import Business Plan). Coach House Bed and Breakfast Coach House Bed and Breakfast Company is an established company of Tybee Island, owned by John Maesch and Frank Williams (Bed and Breakfast Business Plan). The Market The target marketShow MoreRelatedCorporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies1838 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Wanda Joyce McGhee Dr. Malinda Swigart Business 508 July 13, 2014 Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies There is no question that Apple is a remarkable company. In addition to its business turnaround, its innovative design, and its media content and apps, the unadulterated  sexiness of all its products makes Apple hard to resist. For me, what isn’t hard to resist, is asking: How can a company that is this extraordinaryRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Walmart1496 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognition by consumers escalate to never before seen heights. Because of this brand recognition, it has become important for businesses to design their websites to reflect their overall marketing strategies. This is especially important in the retail world. All retail businesses have a similar overall marketing strategy of generating sales and retaining the customer for future sales. Most of the retail giants still greatly rely on the success of their brick and mortar stores to turn a profit. HoweverRead MoreDells Marketing Strategy1802 Words   |  8 Pagesalways been careful in sustaining i ts marketing strategy of providing standard-based computing solutions (Official Website 2004). Today Dell is the third largest computer manufacturer in the world. On January 2004 Dell reports net revenue approximately $41,444 millions and 46000 employees (Annual report 2004). Marketing Environment Dells strategy is global. It realizes that being closer to the customers is essential in carrying out its marketing strategies as well as in enabling it to build customerRead MoreMarketing Strategy1138 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 Marketing in Today’s Economy Exercise 1.1 CarsDirect http://www.carsdirect.com 1. Explore the CarsDirect website, including pricing a vehicle of your choice. How successful is CarsDirect in reducing the hassles associated with buying an automobile? 2. Does the design of the CarsDirect website convey confidence and trust in the car buying process? How has CarsDirect answered consumers’ concerns over the lack of a human element in their marketspace? Exercise 1.2 DaytonaRead MoreMarketing Strategies For A Marketing Strategy1235 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing strategies A marketing strategy is a description of goals that need to be achieved with marketing efforts. A marketing strategy is normally formed by an organizations business goals. Business goals and a marketing strategy should go hand-in-hand. A marketing strategy should consist of a clear goal of what has to be done, informing consumers about the product or services being offered, and also informing consumer of differentiation factors. The 4 P’s of marketing Marketing is a businessRead MoreMarketing Strategies For The Marketing Strategy1453 Words   |  6 Pagestrue cost of production for the particular products and services are not known to the customers. Instead, they feel the worth of a product from their sense of feeling and decide to buy it even on higher price. Therefore producers chase such marketing strategies which help them to set huge perceived value for their product or service and in this way they are able to get high prices for their products in the market (Sweeney et al., 1999). 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Therefore, if an organizationRead MoreMarketing Strategy : Marketing Strategies871 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and Overview The purpose of this case analysis report for Mistine, direct selling in Thailand Cosmetic Market looks into the marketing strategies focus. The report includes external opportunities and threats as well as strengths that are to be discussed here. The external opportunities include new markets and new product and service development. External threats include growing competition and lower profitability external business risks. The weakness are high prices are possible

Affect of Social Media on Teenagers Free Essays

Social media effect on Teenagers The best way to understand the definition of social media is to break it down. Social media is a relatively new form of communication; it’s a more advanced version of the older forms of communication like television, newspapers and radio. Examples of social networking and Micro blogging websites which are a main part of social media are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Tumblr, Google+ etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Affect of Social Media on Teenagers or any similar topic only for you Order Now In recent times, people have become more accustomed to using these online websites as it is more convenient to use and easy to access. Modern generations consider most of the old forms of media as a one-way street as you can receive the information but you cannot express your personal views over any matter. Social media on the other hand is known as a two-way street that does not only provide us with information but it also allows us to give back our views and concerns. Though recently, social media has been extensively misused by teenagers. Most teenagers consider social media as a vital part of their life. But what they don’t realize is how social media, along with a few of its positive effects, is negatively affecting them mentally, physically and socially. Social media may be a source of education to adolescents but as good comes with bad, so comes the negative psychological effects of social media. As its benefits, social media helps shy teens come out of their shells by expressing themselves better and by being more outgoing. It also helps making teenagers virtually empathetic. Like for example if someone posts a status `saying, ‘I had the worst day of my life! , and you post a comment saying, â€Å"Call me if you need anything! †, you have just expressed virtual empathy and studies prove that most teenagers are capable of making use of this empathy in real life too. Alongside, social media can be a major cause of instigating narcissism among teenagers. Narcissism is a case of extreme self-admiration and interest in oneself, especially physical appearances. Also , teenagers who use social media frequently are more prone to depression and anxiety. While Facebook can be of great help when keeping in contact with long lost friends, it is the main cause of distraction for a teenager during study time and can lead to lower grades. Social media can be very useful but if it is misused, it can cause a lot of mental damage to a user. (Turgeon, 2011) Social media Web sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, have become nearly inescapable parts of modern life, particularly for teenagers. Reports suggest that this can have harsh health outcomes on health. Especially as the teenage body is still a developing body. Eating and exercise is very necessary to remain fit and healthy. Most teenagers show the least amount of interest in their physical exercise as they are hooked on to their favorite forms of social media in if not all then most of their free time. (Gordon, 2011) . Social media has no positive physical effects on teenagers as it tends to make them lazy and inactive leading them to a unhealthy lifestyle. Social media may have positive and negative social effects on society. Social media helps with staying in touch with your other school or College friends , it helps in staying informed about what’s going around in your locality for example facebook helps u find out when your friends birthday is coming up, where and when a event is going to come up, where have you’re friends checked in etc. The down sides of this is when people get used to staying over informed, they wonder why weren’t called for a party, why didn’t someone wish them for their birthday etc. Another negative side is that social media is like a drug to most teenagers. It lessens our time for physical interaction with family and friends. Some people would just sit in front of the computer for a day, example some families when they go out for dinner they barely talk to each other they are all glued to their mobile devices they only talk about what is happening on the social media websites, what pictures should be uploaded and where they should be tagged in. Some people are sleep deprived because they spend much of their sleeping or resting time on these websites. Scams and worst even deaths have been identified with the improper use of social media. How to cite Affect of Social Media on Teenagers, Essay examples

Mountains free essay sample

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth by over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges. High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level. These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystem of mountains: different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation, such as mountain climbing. The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8,849. 868 m  above mean sea level. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m . Climate on mountains become colder at high elevations, due to the way that the sun heats the surface of the Earth. [21] The sun warms the ground directly, while the greenhouse effect acts as a blanket, reflecting heat back towards the Earth that would otherwise be lost to space. The greenhouse effect thus keeps the air at low elevations warm. As elevation increases, there is less greenhouse effect, so the ambient temperature goes down. The rate at which the temperature drops with elevation, called the environmental lapse rate, is not constant (it can fluctuate throughout the day or seasonally and also regionally), but a typical lapse rate is 5. 5 °C per 1,000 m (3. 57 °F per 1,000 ft). [23][24] Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0. 75 ° of latitude) towards the nearest pole. [25] This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans (such as the Arctic Ocean) can drastically modify the climate. As the altitude increases, the main form of precipitation becomes snow and the winds increase.   The effect of the climate on the ecology at an elevation can be largely captured through a combination of amount of precipitation, and the biotemperature, as described by Leslie Holdridge in 1947. [28] Biotemperature is the mean temperature, where all temperatures below 0  °C (32  °F) are considered to be 0  °C. When the temperature is below 0  °C, plants are dormant, so the exact temperature is unimportant. The peaks of mountains with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below

Outline the positive and negative features of the command economy Research Paper Example

Outline the positive and negative features of the command economy Research Paper Example Outline the positive and negative features of the command economy Paper Outline the positive and negative features of the command economy Paper The essential economic problem is limited resources, such as land, labour, capital and enterprise, in relation to unlimited wants. Because of this, people need to answer the three basic economic questions: what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. Therefore there is a need for effective resource allocation with effective answers or rather methods of organizing the production, distribution, exchange, sharing goods and services. Allocation of scarce resources is organized through several different economic systems. The idea of the command economy is to answer the three basic economic questions completely by the government (not by the market forces) and that means also that all factors of production are owned by the government. It is based upon the Karl Marxs (1818-1883) theory that all people are equally. This way of answering the questions is not perfect and hence contain both advantages and disadvantages. Positive features The Government is very powerful (so overall there is the possibility to grow economically very quickly from a poor background) and plans everything for the society. These social goals are also individual goals, thus the state cares for every person equally: It distributes and redistributes the wealth equally, so that everyone has the same income. Current spending, such as in social welfare, government employees, defense, health, pensions, debt repayments, is made by the government and therefore the society receive all these goods and services for free. Capital spending, such as in the infrastructure, e. g. : airports, housing, roads and rails, education, telecommunication, is made by the government and therefore the society receive all these for free as well. Moreover there is enough provision of essential services, law and order, cultural affairs, international relations and social issues. Factors of production are not just mobile because of governments help or plans, they are also used effectively, that means that unemployment and inflation do not exist. This is because the prices are constant, they are controlled by the government, not by constantly changing/insecure market forces: The government shifts the demand by prices and advertising from goods with negative and positive externalities- constant high prices on harmful goods like cars and alcohol to reduce their consumption nd constant low prices on basic commodities like food, housing, health care, public transport (to ensure that consumers are able to afford adequate supplies)2. Likewise the value of the currency is constant and there is no lack of essential goods. As a result of all these features the command economy there is no abuse of any power and it is equally advantageous for all people. But these positive features exist just measured with inside parameters, that means just in the theory, because the reality is also measured with outside parameters, negative features do exist: Negative features In a command economy there is no private property, no self interest in profit, no competition, no freedom of choice and all of the governments targets are quantitative not qualitative. Because they are just quantitative, growth occurs, but without development. A good real world example are the consequences of the cold war (1945-1991): there was an increase in the output of military goods, but no equal increase in the output of civilian goods, therefore no development: The consumer could only choose to spend income on those things the government decided to produce. Consumer wishes were often a poor third in the plan after investment needs and defence needs were met. 5 Production costs are not reflected in prices. For example, it may cost more to produce a good or service, than the purchased price is. Since prices act not as signals, the government just suppressed the inflation, because it is not possible to convert prices because of the difference of inside parameters to outside parameters. One of the results is that the economy is when not able respond quickly to new conditions. And so there is only little economic efficiency, first, because in reality there is unemployment, (it is likely to be hidden or disguised), but many people produced very little, their marginal product is very low, inefficiency is high and secondly, the principles of profit and loss do not exist, as well as the concept of competition, there is just one firm per product and what is why inefficient firms do not close and goods and services are not produced at the lowest possible cost, so resources are wasted and this leads to more or real loss and bad quality all in all it is not a very effective way resource allocation. The consequence of this is that the government needs to use also alternative methods like queuing or rationing. Furthermore black markets and corruption are likely to arise. Conclusion If all people are equal, that means all people are equally rich or poor, there is absolutely no motivation in development, because the government says that it should be like is. But governments plans are imperfect because they are made by imperfect human beings who naturally cannot detect demand precisely6 (they have no signals). Above all governments think that the demand is fixed so the supply needs to be fixed the reality shows the contrary: Planning has been and is the most effective way in simple economies or wartime. On certain levels this economic program met with considerable success. In the 1940s the Soviet state withstood the German onslaught and emerged from the Second World War as a global power. Also, in the ensuing years the Soviet Union was able to maintain a military industrial complex that allowed it to contend with the United States on a global basis. But as economies grow more richer, they grow more complex and then the command idea fails7 in achieving the optimal resource allocation (see also above: diagram1): Today all economies are mixed. But those who were or are more centrally planned had or have more problems with poverty, unemployment, development, etc. The comparison with a country without command economy shows that the other country is nearer to the PPF and the command with command economy is not close enough to the PPF, that means there is ineffective use of factors of production. The aim to maximize profits is more important to the human nature than to serve the public interest. Yet it is not completely useless the positive features, to produce more public/merit goods, use all combinations of factors of productions and produce for all people, are integrated so that the economy is nearer to the PPF, by using the command concepts of the circular flow of income, transfer payments, commodity agreements, taxes and price controls.

English Dialects What Is British English

English Dialects What Is British English English Dialects: What Is British English? English may have begun in England (sort of – it’s a Germanic language, after all). But it is now spoken in dozens of countries all around the world. As such, you may sometimes hear people refer to â€Å"British English† (sometimes shortened to BrE, BrEng, or en-GB) rather than English in general. But what is British English? And how does it differ from American English? In this post, we’ll take you through the basics of how to use it in your writing. What Is British English? British English is the type of English spoken in the UK. It includes a range of regional and local dialects, such as Scottish English. It sometimes even includes the English spoken in Commonwealth countries. These dialects differ in some ways, but the term â€Å"British English† refers to the areas where they overlap (e.g., where they share a standard spelling or grammatical form). How Do American and British English Differ? Written American English and UK English (we’ll leave pronunciation to the linguists) are similar in many ways, but there are differences. These include: Spelling – American and British English differ in the spelling of many words. Some of these follow patterns (e.g., words like humor and color become humour and colour in UK English). Other differences are unique to specific words (e.g., the extra â€Å"i† the British put in aluminium). Vocabulary – As well as using different spellings, UK English uses completely different words in some cases. The punctuation mark we know as a â€Å"period† in American English, for instance, is a â€Å"full stop† in the UK. Grammar – There are not as many grammatical differences between American and British English as there are in spelling and vocabulary, but there are a few. For instance, while American English uses â€Å"gotten† as the past participle form of the verb â€Å"get† (e.g., I have gotten good at spelling), British English uses â€Å"got† in its place. Punctuation – There are also minor differences between American and British punctuation. For instance, American English favors â€Å"double quote marks,† whereas ‘inverted commas’ are standard in the UK. Keep an eye out for these issues if you’re writing for a British audience. Tips for Using British English We won’t attempt a definitive rundown of everything that makes UK English unique here. But we will offer a few helpful guidelines that you can follow when using British English: Remember that some British dialect terms are informal. For example, the term â€Å"cracking† can mean â€Å"excellent† in UK English. But this word is informal, so you would not use it in formal writing such as a college paper. Dictionaries should tell you when a word is informal. If you have a style guide from your school or publisher, check whether it specifies dialect-specific spelling or punctuation rules. British English often accepts multiple spellings (e.g. organise and organize). Make sure not to mix different spellings of the same word in a document When writing in Microsoft Word, set it to use British English by going to Review Language Set Proofing Language on the ribbon and selecting â€Å"English (United Kingdom).† Finally, you can have your work proofread by someone who knows British English. This is especially useful if you are less familiar with UK English, as a native speaker may spot things you have missed.